Quantitative biosecurity risk assessment usually relies on the estimation of consequences from pest and disease incursions. Damages to assets from pests, diseases and other hazards are routinely estimated using data from historical outbreaks, experiments, and expert elicitation. Damage functions can be used to describe these relationships and apply them to contexts where information on potential consequences is limited but necessary to understand. Damage functions are also useful to estimate the impacts of a changing climate on agricultural productivity, labour productivity, critical infrastructure and more. As part of the department’s Valuing Australia’s Biosecurity System and Biosecurity Risk from changes in climate, trade and pest and disease pathways projects as well as the NZ MPI/Scion Climate change: Trade and Biosecurity project, CEBRA has developed various damage functions that are being used in the modelling of asset values and vulnerability, changing trade patterns and biosecurity risks under climate change for these projects respectively.